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Soft curvature sensors for measuring the rotational angles of mechanical fingers

Haixiao LIU, Li LI, Zhikang OUYANG, Wei SUN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第15卷第4期页码 610-621 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0596-0

摘要： The design, fabrication, and testing of soft sensors that measure elastomer curvature and mechanical finger bending are described in this study. The base of the soft sensors is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is a translucent elastomer. The main body of the soft sensors consists of three layers of silicone rubber plate, and the sensing element is a microchannel filled with gallium-indium-tin (Ga-In-Sn) alloy, which is embedded in the elastomer. First, the working principle of soft sensors is investigated, and their structure is designed. Second, the relationship between curvature and resistance is determined. Third, several sensors with different specifications are built in accordance with the structural design. Experiments show that the sensors exhibit high accuracy when the curvature changes within a certain range. Lastly, the soft sensors are applied to the measurement of mechanical finger bending. Experiments show that soft curvature sensors can effectively reflect mechanical finger bending and can be used to measure the bending of mechanical fingers with high sensitivity within a certain working range.

关键词： soft sensor Ga-In-Sn alloy strain sensing curvature sensing mechanical finger bending

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Primary cilia in hard tissue development and diseases

《医学前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第5期页码 657-678 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0829-6

摘要： Bone and teeth are hard tissues. Hard tissue diseases have a serious effect on human survival and quality of life. Primary cilia are protrusions on the surfaces of cells. As antennas, they are distributed on the membrane surfaces of almost all mammalian cell types and participate in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis. Mutations in cilium-related genes result in a variety of developmental and even lethal diseases. Patients with multiple ciliary gene mutations present overt changes in the skeletal system, suggesting that primary cilia are involved in hard tissue development and reconstruction. Furthermore, primary cilia act as sensors of external stimuli and regulate bone homeostasis. Specifically, substances are trafficked through primary cilia by intraflagellar transport, which affects key signaling pathways during hard tissue development. In this review, we summarize the roles of primary cilia in long bone development and remodeling from two perspectives: primary cilia signaling and sensory mechanisms. In addition, the cilium-related diseases of hard tissue and the manifestations of mutant cilia in the skeleton and teeth are described. We believe that all the findings will help with the intervention and treatment of related hard tissue genetic diseases.

关键词： primary cilia bone mechanical sensing hard tissue cilium-related bone disease tooth

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Novel sensing techniques for full-scale testing of civil structures

Kaoshan DAI, Zhenhua HUANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 240-256 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0172-8

摘要： Performing full-scale structural testing is an important methodology for researchers and engineers in the civil engineering industry. Full scale testing helps the researchers understand civil infrastructures’ loading scenarios, behaviors, and health conditions. It helps the engineers verify, polish, and simplify the structural design and analysis theories. To conduct a full-scale structural testing, sensors are used for data acquisitions. To help structural researchers and engineers get familiar with sensing technologies and select the most effective sensors, this study reviewed and categorized new sensing techniques for full-scale structural testing applications. The researchers of this study categorized sensors used for civil-infrastructure testing into traditional contact sensors and remote sensors based upon their application methodologies, and into cabled sensors and wireless sensors based upon their data communication strategies. The detailed descriptions of wireless sensors and remote sensing techniques and their on-site full-scale applications are presented.

关键词： sensing technique full-scale testing wireless sensor remote sensing LiDAR laser vibrometer

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An Ultracompact Spoof Surface Plasmon Sensing System for Adaptive and Accurate Detection of Gas Using

Xuanru Zhang,Jia Wen Zhu,Tie Jun Cui,

《工程（英文）》 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.05.013

摘要： Resonantly enhanced dielectric sensing has superior sensitivity and accuracy because the signal is measured from relative resonance shifts that are immune to signal fluctuations. For applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), accurate detection of resonance frequency shifts using a compact circuit is in high demand. We proposed an ultracompact integrated sensing system that merges a spoof surface plasmon resonance sensor with signal detection, processing, and wireless communication. A software-defined scheme was developed to track the resonance shift, which minimized the hardware circuit and made the detection adaptive to the target resonance. A microwave spoof surface plasmon resonator was designed to enhance sensitivity and resonance intensity. The integrated sensing system was constructed on a printed circuit board with dimensions of 1.8 cm × 1.2 cm and connected to a smartphone wirelessly through Bluetooth, working in both frequency scanning mode and resonance tracking mode and achieving a signal-to-noise ratio of 69 dB in acetone vapor sensing. This study provides an ultracompact, accurate, adaptive, sensitive, and wireless solution for resonant sensors in the IoT.

关键词： Spoof surface plasmons Internet of Things Integrated sensing Resonance tracking Microwave sensing

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Quorum sensing regulation methods and their effects on biofilm in biological waste treatment systems:

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1495-2

摘要：

• Quorum sensing enhancement and inhibition methods are summarized.

关键词： Quorum sensing Biological waste treatment Biofilm formation

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Plasma-enabled sensing of urea and related amides on polyaniline

Harinarayanan Puliyalil,Petr Slobodian,Michal Sedlacik,Ruhan Benlikaya,Pavel Riha,Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov,Uroš Cvelbar

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第2期页码 265-272 doi: 10.1007/s11705-016-1570-6

摘要： The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was used to enhance the sensitivity of industrially important polyaniline (PANI) for detection of organic vapors from amides. The gas sensing mechanism of PANI is operating on the basis of reversible protonation or deprotonation, whereas the driving force to improve the sensitivity after plasma modifications is unknown. Herein we manage to solve this problem and investigate the sensing mechanism of atmospheric plasma treated PANI for vapor detection of amides using urea as a model. The results from various analytical techniques indicate that the plausible mechanism responsible for the improved sensitivity after plasma treatment is operating through a cyclic transition state formed between the functional groups introduced by plasma treatment and urea. This transition state improved the sensitivity of PANI towards 15 ppm of urea by a factor of 2.4 times compared to the non-treated PANI. This plasma treated PANI is promising for the improvement of the sensitivity and selectivity towards other toxic and carcinogenic amide analytes for gas sensing applications such as improving material processing and controlling food quality.

关键词： gas sensing urea PANI amides plasma

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A bionic approach for the mechanical and electrical decoupling of an MEMS capacitive sensor in ultralow

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0747-1

摘要： Capacitive sensors are efficient tools for biophysical force measurement, which is essential for the exploration of cellular behavior. However, attention has been rarely given on the influences of external mechanical and internal electrical interferences on capacitive sensors. In this work, a bionic swallow structure design norm was developed for mechanical decoupling, and the influences of structural parameters on mechanical behavior were fully analyzed and optimized. A bionic feather comb distribution strategy and a portable readout circuit were proposed for eliminating electrostatic interferences. Electrostatic instability was evaluated, and electrostatic decoupling performance was verified on the basis of a novel measurement method utilizing four complementary comb arrays and application-specific integrated circuit readouts. An electrostatic pulling experiment showed that the bionic swallow structure hardly moved by 0.770 nm, and the measurement error was less than 0.009% for the area-variant sensor and 1.118% for the gap-variant sensor, which can be easily compensated in readouts. The proposed sensor also exhibited high resistance against electrostatic rotation, and the resulting measurement error dropped below 0.751%. The rotation interferences were less than 0.330 nm and (1.829 × 10⁻⁷)°, which were 35 times smaller than those of the traditional differential one. Based on the proposed bionic decoupling method, the fabricated sensor exhibited overwhelming capacitive sensitivity values of 7.078 and 1.473 pF/µm for gap-variant and area-variant devices, respectively, which were the highest among the current devices. High immunity to mechanical disturbances was maintained simultaneously, i.e., less than 0.369% and 0.058% of the sensor outputs for the gap-variant and area-variant devices, respectively, indicating its great performance improvements over existing devices and feasibility in ultralow biomedical force measurement.

关键词： micro-electro-mechanical system capacitive sensor bionics operation instability mechanical and electrical decoupling biomedical force measurement

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Determination of mechanical parameters for elements in meso-mechanical models of concrete

Xianglin GU, Junyu JIA, Zhuolin WANG, Li HONG, Feng LIN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 391-401 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0225-7

摘要： The responses of cement mortar specimens of different dimensions under compression and tension were calculated based on the discrete element method with the modified-rigid-body-spring concrete model, in which the mechanical parameters derived from macro-scale material tests were applied directly to the mortar elements. By comparing the calculated results with those predicted by the Carpinteri and Weibull size effects laws, a series of formulas to convert the macro-scale mechanical parameters of mortar and interface to those at the meso-scale were proposed through a fitting analysis. Based on the proposed formulas, numerical simulation of axial compressive and tensile failure processes of concrete and cement mortar materials, respectively were conducted. The calculated results were a good match with the test results.

关键词： concrete meso-mechanical model discrete element method size effect mechanical parameter

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Facile synthesis of polyaniline nanorods to simultaneously enhance the mechanical properties and wear

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第9期页码 1254-1266 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2297-3

摘要： To enhance the mechanical properties and wear resistance of epoxy resin, polyaniline nanorods were first synthesized using a facile route, and then introduced into the epoxy matrix to yield composites via solution mixing. Several measurements were conducted to investigate the phase structures and compositions of polyaniline nanorods, and their positive influences on the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy resin were also characterized. The results confirmed that the as-synthesized polyaniline exhibited representative rod-like morphologies and dispersed well in the epoxy matrix, leading to significant enhancements in the tensile strength and elastic modulus of epoxy composites. The highest values of 110.33 MPa and 2.04 GPa were obtained by adding 5%–7% polyaniline nanorods, which were 43% and 62% higher than the pure sample, respectively. The wear rate was increased first and then decreased along with polyaniline nanorods, presenting the lowest value of 2.12 × 10⁻⁵ mm³·Nm^–1 by adding 5% filler, which was markedly reduced by ca. 70% compared to the control sample. Finally, the possible wear mechanism was proposed and discussed in detail. This study tried to broaden the applications of polyaniline nanorods in the field of tribology.

关键词： epoxy resin polyaniline nanorods mechanical property tribological performance wear mechanism

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我国遥感数据的集成与共享研究

周成虎,欧阳,李增元

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第6期页码 51-55

摘要：

随着在轨运行服务卫星数量地不断增加和数据获取能力地不断增强，可利用的遥感数据成倍数增加，遥感数据集成与共享成为时代的潮流。在分析国际发展现状的基础上，进一步总结出国际发展的全球化、系统化、规范化、网络化等特征；在分析评价我国现有遥感数据资源和集成共享现状的基础上，进一步提出了我国开展遥感数据集成与共享的几点建议和设想。

关键词：遥感数据集成共享

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海洋光学遥感技术的发展和前沿

潘德炉,李炎

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第3期页码 39-43

摘要：

空间遥感与信息技术已经发展成为满足人类对海洋资源和环境不同尺度和不同层次连续、动态的信息需求的必要手段。海洋光学遥感在实施大范围海面瞬间信息监测、数年至几十年长序列全球海洋数据采集等方面，发挥了常规调查方法所不能替代的优势。从20世纪70年代开始，国际上发展了利用测量离水辐射率的原理，用现代的卫星遥感技术来实时监测海洋水色环境。80年代以来，我国对该项高技术也十分重视，并有了长足进展。文章回顾我国近20年来海洋光学遥感技术的发展；讨论了当前国家在海洋权益、防灾减灾、海洋资源管理和开发等方面的进一步需求；论述了该技术在环境监测应用导向下的前沿，如：高精度分析和定量化、高频率长序列监测和业务化趋向、多平台监测数据同化和核心技术合成。

关键词：海洋光学遥感技术发展前沿

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Thermo-mechanical simulation of frost heave in saturated soils

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1400-1412 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0990-x

摘要： Roads are exposed to various degradation mechanisms during their lifetime. The pavement deterioration caused by the surrounding environment is particularly severe in winter when the humidity and subfreezing temperatures prevail. Frost heave-induced damage is one of the winter-related pavement deterioration. It occurs when the porewater in the soil is exposed to freezing temperatures. The study of frost heave requires conducting a multiphysics analysis, considering the thermal, mechanical, and hydraulic fields. This paper presents the use of a coupled thermo-mechanical approach to simulate frost heave in saturated soils. A function predicting porosity evolution is implemented to couple the thermal and mechanical field analyses. This function indirectly considers the effect of the water seepage inside the soil. Different frost heave scenarios with uniform and non-uniform boundary conditions are considered to demonstrate the capabilities of the method. The results of the simulations indicate that the thermo-mechanical model captures various processes involved in the frost heave phenomenon, such as water fusion, porosity variation, cryogenic suction force generation, and soil expansion. The characteristics and consequences of each process are determined and discussed separately. Furthermore, the results show that non-uniform thermal boundaries and presence of a culvert inside the soil result in uneven ground surface deformations.

关键词： frost heave multiphysics analysis thermo-mechanical approach saturated soils

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Electronic and mechanical responses of two-dimensional HfS

Mohammad SALAVATI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 486-494 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0491-5

摘要： During the last decade, numerous high-quality two-dimensional (2D) materials with semiconducting electronic character have been synthesized. Recent experimental study (Sci. Adv. 2017;3: e1700481) nevertheless confirmed that 2D ZrSe and HfSe are among the best candidates to replace the silicon in nanoelectronics owing to their moderate band-gap. We accordingly conducted first-principles calculations to explore the mechanical and electronic responses of not only ZrSe and HfSe , but also ZrS and HfS in their single-layer and free-standing form. We particularly studied the possibility of engineering of the electronic properties of these attractive 2D materials using the biaxial or uniaxial tensile loadings. The comprehensive insight provided concerning the intrinsic properties of HfS , HfSe , ZrS , and ZrSe can be useful for their future applications in nanodevices.

关键词： 2D materials mechanical electronic DFT

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面向21世纪的中国林业遥感

赵宪文

《中国工程科学》 1999年第1卷第3期页码 16-21

摘要：

重点概述了近20年来林业遥感专家们为改进森林资源调查方法所作的诸多努力，如用卫星数据估计森林蓄积量、小块林地面积、以及森林郁闭度方法的研究、森林动态图的编制等。特别是上述方法在经过森林调查实际应用并进行效益分析后，提出的改进现行调查体系的建议。此外还提及了遥感用于评估、监测森林生态环境和森林灾害等方面取得的进展。对21世纪中国林业遥感前景进行了展望。作者认为下一个世纪中国林业遥感发展的主要方向是：包容各种新技术，形成新的技术体系，并与国际接轨；利用遥感的优势，研究森林的宏观状况与作用；与森林经营进一步结合。

关键词：林业遥感持续发展 21世纪

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Laser vision sensing based on adaptive welding for aluminum alloy

CHEN Zhixiang, SONG Yonglun, ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Wanchun, JIANG Li, XIA Xuxin

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第2期页码 218-223 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0038-2

摘要： A laser vision sensing based on the adaptive tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding system for large-scale aluminum alloy components was established to fit various weld groove conditions. A new type of laser vision sensor was used to precisely measure the weld groove. The joint geometry data, such as the bevel angle, the gap, the area, and the mismatch, etc., aided in assembling large-scale aerospace components before welding. They were also applied for automatic seam tracking, such as automatic torch transverse alignment and torch height adjustment in welding. An adaptive welding process was realized by automatically adjusting the wire feeding speed and the welding current according to the groove conditions. The process results in a good weld formation and high welding quality, which meet the requirements of related standards.

关键词： adjustment adaptive tungsten transverse alignment large-scale aluminum geometry